How to Write Cold Emails That Get Replies: Three Frameworks That Work

The average cold email gets a 1-5% reply rate. The best cold emails get 15-25%. The difference is not talent or luck, it is structure. Three frameworks account for nearly every successful cold email ever written, and once you understand them, you can write emails that get replies in minutes rather than hours.

The Anatomy of a Cold Email

Before diving into frameworks, every cold email needs these seven components. The Woodpecker Cold Email Report analyzed millions of outbound emails and found that emails containing all seven consistently outperform those missing any one of them.

Framework 1: AIDA (Attention, Interest, Desire, Action)

AIDA is the oldest and most versatile framework. It works especially well when the prospect does not yet know they have a problem you can solve.

Attention: Open with a surprising stat or observation specific to the recipient. "Your pricing page has 8 form fields, that is costing you roughly 40% of potential signups."

Interest: Connect the observation to a broader insight. "We analyzed 200 SaaS pricing pages and found that companies with 3 fields convert 2.5x more trials."

Desire: Show the outcome. "One of our clients cut their form to 3 fields and added 340 trials per month."

Action: Ask a specific, low-friction question. "Would it be worth a 15-minute call on Thursday to show you what we found?"

Framework 2: PAS (Problem, Agitate, Solve)

PAS works best when the prospect is already aware of their problem but has not found a solution. It intensifies the pain before offering relief.

Problem: Name their specific pain. "I noticed your team posts on LinkedIn daily but your posts get under 50 impressions each."

Agitate: Make the consequence vivid. "At that rate, you would need to post for 3 years before generating a single inbound lead from LinkedIn."

Solve: Present your solution briefly. "We helped [company] go from 50 to 5,000 average impressions in 6 weeks by restructuring their content calendar. Happy to share the playbook."

Framework 3: BAB (Before, After, Bridge)

BAB is the storytelling framework. It paints a transformation and positions you as the bridge. It works especially well for complex B2B sales where the outcome is significant.

Before: Describe their current reality. "Right now, your sales team spends roughly 6 hours per week manually qualifying leads from your website form."

After: Paint the better future. "Imagine if every lead arrived with their budget, timeline, and decision-making authority already captured, and your team only saw leads that scored above 70."

Bridge: Position yourself as the path. "We built an interactive qualifier that does exactly this for [similar company]. Can I show you how it works?"

Subject Line Formulas That Get Opens

HubSpot Sales Statistics 2025 data shows that subject lines under 7 words outperform longer ones by 15-20% in open rate. Here are the formulas that work consistently:

• [Company name] + [specific observation], "Acme's pricing page" (48% avg open rate)
• Question about [their goal], "Quick question about Q2 pipeline" (44%)
• [Mutual connection] suggested I reach out, "Sarah Chen suggested we connect" (52%)
• [Competitor] is doing this, "How Stripe handles this differently" (41%)
• [Number] + [result], "340 more trials in 30 days" (39%)

Test your subject lines with our Email Subject Line Grader before sending.

The Follow-Up Sequence

HubSpot's data confirms that 80% of cold email replies come from follow-ups, not the initial email. Here is a proven 5-email sequence:

Email 1 (Day 0): Initial outreach using one of the three frameworks above.

Email 2 (Day 3): Add new value, share a relevant case study, article, or data point. Do not just "bump this to the top of your inbox."

Email 3 (Day 7): Try a different angle. If Email 1 focused on the problem, Email 3 should focus on the outcome or a competitor insight.

Email 4 (Day 12): Share social proof, a testimonial, a specific result, or a relevant customer story.

Email 5 (Day 18): The breakup email. "I will assume the timing is not right. If things change, here is where to find me." This often triggers a reply because it removes the pressure.

Cold Email Benchmarks by Industry

Source: Woodpecker Cold Email Report. Ranges are approximate and vary by targeting quality, personalization level, and sender reputation.

Follow-Up Sequence Timing

The timing of your follow-ups matters as much as their content. Send too soon and you appear desperate. Wait too long and the prospect forgets you exist. Research from multiple sales platforms converges on a consistent pattern: the optimal gap between emails increases with each touch, starting tight and widening as the sequence progresses.

The first follow-up should arrive two to three days after the initial email. This is soon enough that the prospect may still remember your original message, but not so soon that it feels pushy. Keep this email short, one to two sentences referencing your previous message plus one new piece of value, such as a relevant article, a quick insight about their industry, or a data point that strengthens your case.

The second follow-up lands four to five days after the first. By this point you should try a different angle entirely. If your original email focused on a problem, the second follow-up should focus on an outcome or a competitor insight. Changing the angle tests whether the prospect responds to different messaging rather than simply repeating the same value proposition louder.

The third follow-up arrives five to seven days later and should include social proof: a specific result you achieved for a similar company, a brief testimonial, or a case study link. Social proof reduces the perceived risk of replying to a stranger and gives the prospect a reason to engage beyond curiosity.

The final email in the sequence, the breakup email, comes seven to ten days after the third follow-up. This email explicitly says you will stop reaching out, which removes the pressure of an ongoing sequence and paradoxically triggers more replies than any other email in the chain. A simple line like "I will assume this is not a priority and will not follow up again" gives the prospect permission to reply on their own terms.

Subject Line Formulas That Work

The subject line determines whether your email gets opened or deleted. Analysis of millions of outbound emails consistently shows that shorter subject lines outperform longer ones. Seven words or fewer is the sweet spot. Beyond the length, certain structural formulas produce reliably high open rates across industries and audience types.

The company name plus observation formula works by signalling that this email is specifically about the recipient, not a mass blast. An example: "Acme's checkout flow." Three words, zero fluff, and impossible to ignore if you work at Acme. This formula achieves open rates in the forty-five to fifty-five percent range because it passes the relevance test instantly.

The mutual connection formula leverages social trust. When a subject line reads "Sarah Chen suggested we connect," the recipient opens it because they trust Sarah, not because they trust you. This formula regularly achieves the highest open rates of any cold email approach, often above fifty percent, but it requires genuine mutual connections to work ethically.

The number plus result formula creates curiosity by leading with a specific outcome. "340 more trials in 30 days" makes the reader want to know how. The specificity of the number signals that this is a real result, not a vague marketing claim. Avoid round numbers, "340" is more credible than "300" because it implies actual measurement rather than estimation.

Common Cold Email Mistakes

1. Leading with yourself. "Hi, I'm John from AcmeCorp and we...", the reader stopped reading at "I'm." Lead with the recipient's world, not yours.

2. Writing too much. Emails over 150 words get half the reply rate of those under 100 words. Every sentence must earn its place.

3. Vague CTAs. "Let me know if you'd like to chat sometime" is not a CTA. "Would Thursday at 2pm work for a 15-minute call?" is.

4. No personalization. Generic templates feel like spam and perform like spam. At minimum, reference something specific to the recipient.

5. Giving up after one email. 80% of replies come from follow-ups. One email is not a campaign, it is a coin flip.

6. Sending from a cold domain. New domains need 2-3 weeks of warm-up before sending cold outreach at scale. Skipping this step sends your emails to spam. Measure your outreach ROI with our Cost Per Lead Calculator.

Grade your cold email before sending with the Cold Email Grader, it scores length, personalization, value proposition, and CTA against 10 best practices and surfaces the specific changes most likely to lift your reply rate.

For Sales Teams: Email Grading Tools as Lead Capture

Sales enablement platforms embed email grading tools on their websites. Prospects paste their cold email and receive an instant score with feedback on length, personalization, CTA strength, and structure. The platform captures the prospect's outreach copy, messaging approach, and contact details, a lead who is actively trying to improve their outbound sales. CalcStack offers embeddable email grading tools that capture this pre-qualified audience. Generate your emails with our Cold Email Generator and learn more about capturing leads in our lead capture guide.